He Ahunga Hou i roto i ngā Taputapu Tēpu Melamine Ātete-Pāmahana Teitei: Pūrongo Whakamātautau Hototahi mō ngā Taputapu Kīhini Matua i roto i ngā Wharekai Mekameka

I whakawhanakehia e tētahi rōpū kaipūtaiao me ngā tohunga ahumahi ngā taputapu melamine ātete pāmahana teitei, i whakamanahia mā te whakamātautau hototahi whānui puta noa i ngā taputapu kīhini matua noa. E whakaatu ana tēnei pūrongo i ngā kitenga matua, e whakaatu ana i ngā putanga hou me ngā pānga ki ngā mahi wharekai mekameka.1. Papamuri me te Hiranga​

Ko ngā taputapu melamine tuku iho, he mea nui mō te roa me te utu tika, ka pakaru i runga ake i te 120°C—he raruraru i roto i ngā kīhini matua e whakamahi ana i ngā mīhini horoi rihi pāmahana teitei, ngā mīhini horoi korohū, me ngā oumu. Ka puta te piko, te rerekētanga o te tae, te tukunga o ngā matū kino, ngā mōrearea haumaru, me ngā utu whakakapinga nui.

Ka arohia ēnei take e ngā taputapu tēpu hou mā roto i ngā rauemi me te hanga kua whakarerekētia, e tu ana ki te pāmahana tae atu ki te 180°C. Mā te whakamana angitu ka whakaitihia ngā utu, ka pai ake te haumaru, ka pai ake te whai huatanga, me te whakahaere i ngā tukanga mā te whakakore i ngā taputapu tēpu motuhake mō ngā pāmahana rerekē.

2. Ngā Paerewa Whakamātautau, Ngā Tauira, me te Tikanga Whakamātautau​

2.1 Ngā Paerewa Whakamātautau

I whai ngā whakamātautau i ngā paerewa o te ao: ASTM C518-17, FDA 21 CFR Wāhanga 177.1460, ISO 22000, me NSF/ANSI 51, kia mōhiotia ai ngā hua pono, mō te ātete pāmahana, te haumaru, me te hototahi.

2.2 Ngā Tauira Whakamātautau

Ko ngā tauira i whakaurua ko ngā taonga melamine hou e taea te whakamahi i te pāmahana teitei: he pereti 10-inihi, he peihana 16 auneke, he ipu rokiroki rita, he paepae 18x12-inihi, me ngā taputapu kai. Ko te melamine tuku iho o ngā whakatakotoranga ōrite hei mana whakahaere. He mea hou katoa ngā tauira, kāore anō kia whakamahia.

2.3 Tikanga Whakamātautau

I whakahaerehia i roto i te kīhini matua whaihanga o tētahi taiwhanga whaimana, i whakamahia he huarahi ā-wāhanga mō ia momo taputapu. Tekau mā rua ngā huringa o ngā tauira (ia huringa he wiki kotahi te whakamahinga) me ngā aromatawai mō ngā huringa ā-tinana, te pumau matū, te pono o te mahi, me te hototahi o ngā taputapu.

3. Ngā Taputapu Whakamātautau me ngā Hua

3.1 Ngā Mīhini Horoi Rīhi Arumoni

I te pāmahana o te horoinga i te 60-71°C me te 82-90°C, i roa te wā e whakamahia ana ngā tauira i roto i te mīhini horoi rihi AM15V o Hobart mō te 100 huringa.

Kāore i kitea he piko te melamine pāmahana teitei, he iti noa te rakuraku, kāore i rerekē te tae i te mea he ranu tōmato/kari, ā, i tu atu ki te horoinga 88°C. Ko te melamine tuku iho he piko te 30% i muri i te 50 huringa, he nui te rerekētanga tae i te 30 huringa, ā, he 15% te pakaru i muri i te 100 huringa.

3.2 Ngā Whakahoromata Kohu

I raro i te pēhanga i te pāmahana 121-134°C, e 50 ngā huringa o te whakamaroke i ngā tauira i roto i te mīhini whakamate Tuttnauer 2540E (30 meneti i te pāmahana 121°C/15 psi).

Kāore i kitea he kino i roto i te melamine pāmahana teitei, he taumaha pumau, ā, kāore i kitea he rerenga o te melamine/formaldehyde. He tino piko te melamine tuku iho i muri i te 10 huringa, e 40% te nui ake i ngā taumata melamine haumaru mā te 5 huringa (80% mā te 20), ā, he pupuhi/kiri te mata.
3.3 Ngā Oumu Mahana-Tiketike​

E 30 ngā huringa i pau i ngā tauira (30 meneti i te 180°C) i roto i te oumu Vulcan VC5GD.

Kāore i kitea he piko, he ngatata, he rerekē rānei te tae o te melamine pāmahana teitei, he tino ātete ki ngā ru wera me te tohatoha wera ōrite. I piko tonu te melamine tuku iho, he 60% te ngatata i muri i te 5 huringa, ā, he nui te kōwhai i roto i te 10 huringa.

3.4 Ngā Kaiwhakamaori Ultrasonic

E 50 ngā huringa (15 meneti ia huringa) i whakamahia ai ngā tauira ki roto i te mīhini horoi Branson CPX3800.

Kāore i kitea he kino o te hanganga i roto i te melamine pāmahana teitei, kāore he āhua o te mata, ā, kāore he turuturu. I muri i te 30 huringa, he iti noa te pakaru o te mata o te melamine tuku iho i ngā hoahoa tā, ā, he paku pōuriuri.

4. Te Pumau me te Haumaru mō te Wā Roa

4.1 Te Pumautanga mō te Wā Roa

I muri i te ono marama o te whakamahinga tauira (te horoi rihi, te whakahoromata, me te pa ki te kai i te 95°C), he iti noa te karawarawa i kitea i te melamine pāmahana teitei engari kāore i pakaru te hanganga me te mahi. Ko te melamine tuku iho he 70% kāore e pai mō te whakamahi nā te piko, te ngatata, te tae rānei o te tae.
4.2 Aromatawai Haumaru​

I whakaatuhia e ngā whakamātautau hekenga me ngā whaihanga kai, te tātari konganuku taumaha, me te whakamātautau tukunga formaldehyde/melamine ngā taumata katoa kei raro i ngā rohe FDA/EU, ā, i whakaū i te haumaru i raro i ngā tikanga pakari.

5. Ngā Pānga Whai Hua

5.1 Ngā Penapena Utu

E 3-4 ngā wā e roa ake ai te ora i te melamine tuku iho, ā, ka taea e ngā mekameka waenga (50 ngā wāhi) te penapena moni
;
50,000−100,000 ia tau. Ka whakaitihia e te hototahitanga ngā utu taonga mā te whakakore i ngā taputapu tēpu motuhake.

5.2 Te Whai Hua o te Whakahaere

Mā te whakamahinga whānui mai i te whakarite ki te tuku kai ka kore e whakawhiti kai, ka whakaiti i te wā me ngā tūponotanga poke. Mā te pakari ka whakaiti i te wā kore e whakamahia mō te whakakapinga.

5.3 Te Haumaru Kai me te Tūturutanga o te Waitohu

Mā te pumau ka ārai i ngā tukunga kino i te wā e horoia ana, ā, ka whakaiti i te tipu o ngā huakita. Mā te āhua ōrite ka mau tonu te ingoa o te waitohu puta noa i ngā wāhi.

6. Ngā Whakaaro a ngā Tohunga

I kī te Kaimahi Matua, a Maria Rodriguez: "He mea tino rerekē ēnei hua—ka whakangāwari ake ngā mahi i ngā taputapu kai e mahi ana mai i te horoi rihi ki te mīhini whakahoromata." I tāpiri atu a John Chen: "Mā te pupuri i te haumaru i raro i ngā pāmahana tino nui ka whakarite i ngā paerewa me te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga." I whakanui a Tākuta Emily Wong i te "tino angitu o te hanganga me ngā taunakitanga whakamātautau pakari."

7. Whakatau me te Tirohanga

E whakaū ana ngā hua whakamātautau ka taea e ngā taputapu melamine hou te tu atu ki ngā āhuatanga pakihi uaua, me te pupuri tonu i te haumaru me te mahi. Ko ngā painga ko te whakaiti i ngā utu, te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga, te whakanui ake i te haumaru, me te pumau o te waitohu.

Ko ngā mahere ā muri ake nei ko te whakawhānui ake i te whānuitanga o ngā hua me te whakamātautau tonu i te roa o te ora o te ao tūturu. Ka whakatakotohia e tēnei auahatanga he paerewa hou mō ngā taputapu kai, ka tukuna he painga whakataetae ki ngā wharekai mekameka mā te pai ake o te whai hua, ngā utu iti iho, me te haumaru kua whakarei ake.